Prof.Nikhil Pal

Speech Title:

Artificial Intelligence with/without Biological Intelligence: some tidbits

Abstract:

In this era of AI, often deep neural networks (DNNs) are viewed as an “all cure” solution; their success in a wide range of problems needs no mention. Unfortunately, such systems are generally black boxes and somewhat related to how biological neural networks (brains) lead to “intelligence”. Although it is hard to define “intelligence”, achieving human-level performance (or even better) in different decision making problems using systems with billions/trillions of free parameters trained on huge data sets may not necessarily make a system intelligent! In this context, we shall discuss how the design of some of the AI systems used inspiration from neuroscience knowingly or unknowingly. We argue that to realize human like intelligence a closer interaction between discoveries in neuroscience and designing of AI systems is needed. However, we need to acknowledge that the brain is probably the most complex object in the known world with more unknowns than knowns, although we know a lot about it. Truly brain-inspired models may be able to put a brake on the apparently unsustainable philosophy of “bigger the better” – bigger architecture and bigger datasets. We shall then discuss some of our attempts to exploit neuroscience models/discoveries to develop pattern-recognition systems (intentionally we are avoiding the term AI). Particularly, we shall demonstrate that exploiting at a high-level some findings from cat’s visual cortex can make a multilayer perceptron a bit more comprehensible. We shall also discuss how computational models of the cells like Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) cells and Retinal Ganglion Cells can be used to extract features from images to use as inputs to CNNs with a view to investigating if it can improve the performance of the system. Additionally, inspired by findings from anatomical experiments, we propose a model of the primary visual cortex V1 considering the synapse densities in the V1 layers, the orientation selectivity of the V1 neurons, as well as the lateral influences arising due to the interplay of pyramidal and interneurons. Numerical examples will be used to demonstrate its effectiveness as a low-level feature extractor.

Bio of lecturer:

Nikhil R. Pal is a Professor in the Electronics and Communication Sciences Unit and was the founding Head of the Center for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning of the Indian Statistical Institute. His current research interest includes brain science, computational intelligence, machine learning and data mining.

He was the Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems for the period January 2005-December 2010. He served/has been serving on the editorial /advisory board/ steering committee of several journals including the International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, Applied Soft Computing, International Journal of Neural Systems, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems and the IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics.

He is a recipient of the 2015 IEEE Computational Intelligence Society (CIS) Fuzzy Systems Pioneer Award and 2021 IEEE CIS Meritorious Service Award. He has given many plenary/keynote speeches in different premier international conferences in the area of computational intelligence. He has served as the General Chair, Program Chair, and co-Program chair of several conferences. He has been a Distinguished Lecturer of the IEEE CIS (2010-2012, 2016-2018, 2022-2024) and was a member of the Administrative Committee of the IEEE CIS (2010-2012). He has served as the Vice-President for Publications of the IEEE CIS (2013-2016) and the President of the IEEE CIS (2018-2019).

He is a Fellow of the West Bengal Academy of Science and Technology, Institution of Electronics and Tele Communication Engineers, National Academy of Sciences, India, Indian National Academy of Engineering, Indian National Science Academy, International Fuzzy Systems Association (IFSA), The World Academy of Sciences, and a Fellow of the IEEE, USA. ( http://www.isical.ac.in/~nikhil )

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